Glow Medicinal A RESEARCH DIGEST  ·  GHK-Cu · BPC-157 · TB-500
CITED LITERATURE

References: the published research record for each GLOW peptide constituent.

All GLOW peptide citations used across this site, numbered sequentially. DOIs and PubMed links included where available.

Primary Studies and Reviews

All citations are drawn from peer-reviewed journals, PubMed-indexed sources, or ClinicalTrials.gov. The GLOW blend as a combined formulation has no published controlled trial. All constituent-level citations are indexed below.

All-ink vertical inventory of about twenty-five numbered hairlines on cool white
FIG. 05Citation index — 25 numbered reference entries.
# Citation Constituent Link
1 Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108 GHK-Cu ↗
2 Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108 GHK-Cu ↗
3 Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071987 GHK-Cu ↗
4 Badenhorst T, Svirskis D, Merrilees M, Bolke L, Wu Z. Effects of GHK-Cu on MMP and TIMP Expression, Collagen and Elastin Production, and Facial Wrinkle Parameters. Journal of Aging Science. 2016;4(1):166. GHK-Cu ↗
5 Mortazavi SM, Mohammadi Vadoud SA, Moghimi HR. Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective. BioImpacts. 2024;14(6). DOI: 10.34172/bi.30071 GHK-Cu ↗
6 Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ attenuates cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema and inflammation by reducing oxidative stress pathway. 2022. PMID 35936787. PMID: 35936787 GHK-Cu ↗
7 Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The Human Tripeptide GHK-Cu in Prevention of Oxidative Stress and Degenerative Conditions of Aging: Implications for Cognitive Health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2012;2012:324832. DOI: 10.1155/2012/324832 GHK-Cu ↗
8 Pickart L. The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 2008;19(8):969-988. DOI: 10.1163/156856208784909435 GHK-Cu ↗
9 Lee WJ, Sim HB, Jang YH, Lee SJ, Kim DW, Yim SH. Efficacy of a Complex of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Glycyl-Histidyl-Lysine Peptide on Hair Growth. Annals of Dermatology. 2016;28(4):438-443. DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.4.438 GHK-Cu ↗
10 Ogorek K, Nowak K, Wadych E, Ruzik L, Timerbaev AR, Matczuk M. Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes? Molecules. 2025;30(1):136. DOI: 10.3390/molecules30010136 GHK-Cu ↗
11 Mikus D, Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 cream improves burn-wound healing and attenuates burn-gastric lesions in mice. Burns. 2001;27(8):817-827. DOI: 10.1016/s0305-4179(01)00055-9 BPC-157 ↗
12 Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2017;95(3):323-333. DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y BPC-157 ↗
13 Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:627533. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627533 BPC-157 ↗
14 Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JHS. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. DOI: 10.3390/molecules191119066 BPC-157 ↗
15 Vukojevic J, Milavic M, Perovic D, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system. Neural Regeneration Research. 2021;17(3):631-635. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320969 BPC-157 ↗
16 He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:1026182. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182 BPC-157 ↗
17 Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999;113(3):364-368. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 ↗
18 Qiu P, Kurpakus Wheater M, Qiu Y, Sosne G. Thymosin beta4 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NF-kB activation, IL-8 expression, and the sensitizing effects by its partners PINCH-1 and ILK. The FASEB Journal. 2011;25(6):1815-1826. DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-167940 TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 ↗
19 Dai B, Sha RN, Yuan JL, Liu DJ. Multiple potential roles of thymosin beta4 in the growth and development of hair follicles. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2021;25(2):1052-1060. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16241 TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 ↗
20 Kleinman HK, Sosne G. Thymosin beta4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitamins and Hormones. 2016;102:251-275. DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.005 TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 ↗
21 Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2005;11(9):421-429. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.07.004 TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 ↗
22 McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s12178-025-09990-7 BPC-157 ↗
23 Mayfield CK, Bolia IK, Feingold CL, et al. Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251357593 GHK-Cu / BPC-157 / TB-500 (all three) ↗
24 Pickart L. The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 2008;19(8):969-988. DOI: 10.1163/156856208784909435 GHK-Cu ↗
25 Yuan C, Demers A, Silva-Ortiz V, et al. From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026;27(6):2876. DOI: 10.3390/ijms27062876 BPC-157 ↗
  1. 1 Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108 ↗
  2. 2 Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108 ↗
  3. 3 Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071987 ↗
  4. 4 Badenhorst T, Svirskis D, Merrilees M, Bolke L, Wu Z. Effects of GHK-Cu on MMP and TIMP Expression, Collagen and Elastin Production, and Facial Wrinkle Parameters. Journal of Aging Science. 2016;4(1):166. ↗
  5. 5 Mortazavi SM, Mohammadi Vadoud SA, Moghimi HR. Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective. BioImpacts. 2024;14(6). DOI: 10.34172/bi.30071 ↗
  6. 6 Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ attenuates cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema and inflammation by reducing oxidative stress pathway. 2022. PMID 35936787. PMID: 35936787 ↗
  7. 7 Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The Human Tripeptide GHK-Cu in Prevention of Oxidative Stress and Degenerative Conditions of Aging: Implications for Cognitive Health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2012;2012:324832. DOI: 10.1155/2012/324832 ↗
  8. 8 Pickart L. The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 2008;19(8):969-988. DOI: 10.1163/156856208784909435 ↗
  9. 9 Lee WJ, Sim HB, Jang YH, Lee SJ, Kim DW, Yim SH. Efficacy of a Complex of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Glycyl-Histidyl-Lysine Peptide on Hair Growth. Annals of Dermatology. 2016;28(4):438-443. DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.4.438 ↗
  10. 10 Ogorek K, Nowak K, Wadych E, Ruzik L, Timerbaev AR, Matczuk M. Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes? Molecules. 2025;30(1):136. DOI: 10.3390/molecules30010136 ↗
  11. 11 Mikus D, Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 cream improves burn-wound healing and attenuates burn-gastric lesions in mice. Burns. 2001;27(8):817-827. DOI: 10.1016/s0305-4179(01)00055-9 ↗
  12. 12 Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2017;95(3):323-333. DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y ↗
  13. 13 Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:627533. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627533 ↗
  14. 14 Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JHS. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. DOI: 10.3390/molecules191119066 ↗
  15. 15 Vukojevic J, Milavic M, Perovic D, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system. Neural Regeneration Research. 2021;17(3):631-635. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320969 ↗
  16. 16 He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:1026182. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182 ↗
  17. 17 Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999;113(3):364-368. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x ↗
  18. 18 Qiu P, Kurpakus Wheater M, Qiu Y, Sosne G. Thymosin beta4 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NF-kB activation, IL-8 expression, and the sensitizing effects by its partners PINCH-1 and ILK. The FASEB Journal. 2011;25(6):1815-1826. DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-167940 ↗
  19. 19 Dai B, Sha RN, Yuan JL, Liu DJ. Multiple potential roles of thymosin beta4 in the growth and development of hair follicles. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2021;25(2):1052-1060. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16241 ↗
  20. 20 Kleinman HK, Sosne G. Thymosin beta4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitamins and Hormones. 2016;102:251-275. DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.005 ↗
  21. 21 Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2005;11(9):421-429. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.07.004 ↗
  22. 22 McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s12178-025-09990-7 ↗
  23. 23 Mayfield CK, Bolia IK, Feingold CL, et al. Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251357593 ↗
  24. 24 Pickart L. The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 2008;19(8):969-988. DOI: 10.1163/156856208784909435 ↗
  25. 25 Yuan C, Demers A, Silva-Ortiz V, et al. From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026;27(6):2876. DOI: 10.3390/ijms27062876 ↗